Under Israeli control, the region historically known as Palestine has experienced persistent fragmentation and the disconnection of its lands. However, this fragmentation extends beyond the geographic domain to include the division of communities. I argue that these divisions and separations are not solely the outcome of an ongoing conflict between two ethnonational groups but rather the result of the relentless colonization pursued by the Zionist movement. This thesis aims to bridge insights from both settler-colonial literature and Social Movements Studies, a unique endeavour that has not been undertaken previously and has the potential to foster interdisciplinary exchange and learning. Despite the oppressive divisions imposed, there are instances where alliances and cooperation between Israeli Jews and Palestinians can be observed. This dissertation will examine the circumstances and relational conditions that make such coalitions possible.Throughout the decades, Historical Palestine has been the stage of massive mobilizations and social engagements, showing the ability of the Palestinian movement to constantly innovate and re-frame its strategies, techniques of protests, and claims. Besides, all over the years, Israeli repression has never ceased rather, it evolved, finding always new strategies and new technologies to repress dissent, from all sides. In such a rarefied social context, how is it possible to support the creation of coalitions between Palestinians and Israelis while everything seems to push in the direction of confrontation and conflict? And when this cooperation is established, how are social movements’ actors able to address the power asymmetry that derives from being the “occupiers” and the “occupied”? Maintaining coalitions, solidarity, and cooperation across differences (such as race, gender, ethnicity, and religion) has never been so urgent. This thesis tries to fill this gap in the literature by proposing an original theoretical framework to analyse three social movement campaigns that witnessed the cooperation of ethnonational diverse groups. The three campaigns articulated into three different territorial settings in order to show the importance of context and political and legal opportunities.The initial campaign examined occurred in the Palestinian territories and aimed to protect a village facing demolition in the South Hebron Hills, specifically in area C of the West Bank. The second case, on the other hand, took place in the heart of Jerusalem, a divided city, and focused on a predominantly Palestinian neighbourhood that frequently faced evictions by Israeli institutions. Although these two cases are regarded as positive examples, it is important to acknowledge and address the internal differences that existed within them.Lastly, the third case explores a coalition formed within the Israeli women's movement that sought to engage Palestinian women's groups both within the borders of Israel and in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. This endeavour proved to be challenging and ultimately unsuccessful, leading to consider it as a negative case in which an alliance was attempted but ultimately failed. These three cases show how activists belonging to different ethnonational groups have been able or not to address the asymmetry of power that characterizes the colonial division. In addition to the specific strategies, this thesis also considers how the type of political regime, and the legislative setting influences this type of alliance. Finally, it develops a conceptual model that redefines how to maintain long-lasting coalitions through the rule of the three Ts: Time, Ties, and Trust.As regards the methods used in this thesis, the research took place in two periods of fieldwork. A total of 71 interviews were conducted (face-to-face and online) together with several participant observations which led to the drafting of almost a hundred pages of field notes. In addition to interviews and participant observation, a Protest Event Analysis was carried out, to reconstruct the protest cycle through time. This allows for the inclusion of a longitudinal study of these movements' composition. For the negative case, together with the interviews, I created a questionnaire to reconstruct the network of women's organizations active in this campaign submitted online. The data analysis took place with the MaxQDA program and through a qualitative Social Network Analysis with UCINET which allows understanding descriptively the composition and characteristics of the groups that participated in the campaigns and how they changed over time. Much work has been also devoted to restitution with the communities and activists involved and dissemination within the Italian civil society sector

Sotto il controllo israeliano, la regione storicamente nota come Palestina ha sperimentato una persistente frammentazione e la disconnessione delle sue terre. Tuttavia, questa frammentazione si estende oltre il dominio geografico per includere la divisione delle comunità che la popolano. Queste divisioni e separazioni non sono solo il risultato di un conflitto in corso tra due gruppi etnonazionali, ma piuttosto il risultato dell'inesorabile colonizzazione perseguita dal movimento sionista. Questa tesi mira a collegare le intuizioni sia della letteratura del colonialismo d'insediamento che degli studi sui movimenti sociali, uno sforzo unico che non è stato intrapreso in precedenza e ha il potenziale per favorire lo scambio e l'apprendimento interdisciplinare. Nonostante le oppressive divisioni imposte, ci sono casi in cui si possono osservare alleanze e cooperazione tra ebrei israeliani e palestinesi. Questa tesi esaminerà le circostanze e le condizioni relazionali che rendono possibili tali coalizioni.Nel corso dei decenni, la Palestina storica è stata teatro di massicce mobilitazioni, mostrando la capacità del movimento palestinese di innovare e riformulare costantemente le sue strategie, tecniche di protesta e rivendicazioni. Del resto, nel corso degli anni, la repressione israeliana non è mai cessata anzi, si è evoluta, trovando sempre nuove strategie e nuove tecnologie per reprimere il dissenso. In un contesto sociale così rarefatto, come è possibile sostenere la creazione di coalizioni tra palestinesi e israeliani mentre tutto sembra spingere nella direzione del confronto e del conflitto? E quando questa cooperazione è stabilita, in che modo gli attori dei movimenti sociali sono in grado di affrontare l'asimmetria di potere che deriva dall'essere gli "occupanti" e gli "occupati"? Mantenere coalizioni, solidarietà e cooperazione al di là delle differenze (di razza, genere, etnia e religione) non è mai stato così urgente. Questa tesi cerca di colmare questa lacuna nella letteratura proponendo un quadro teorico originale per analizzare tre campagne di movimenti sociali che hanno visto la cooperazione di diversi gruppi etnonazionali. Le tre campagne si sono articolate in tre diversi contesti territoriali mostrando l'importanza del contesto e delle opportunità politiche e legali.La prima campagna esaminata si è svolta nei territori palestinesi con l'obiettivo di proteggere un villaggio che rischiava la demolizione nelle colline a sud di Hebron, in particolare nell'area C della Cisgiordania. Il secondo caso, invece, si è svolto nel cuore di Gerusalemme, una città divisa, e si è concentrato su un quartiere prevalentemente palestinese che spesso ha subito sgomberi da parte delle istituzioni israeliane. Sebbene questi due casi siano considerati esempi positivi, è importante riconoscere e affrontare le differenze che esistevano al loro interno.Infine, il terzo caso esplora una coalizione formata all'interno del movimento delle donne israeliane che ha cercato di coinvolgere gruppi di donne palestinesi sia dentro i confini di Israele che nei Territori palestinesi occupati. Questo tentativo si è rivelato impegnativo e alla fine infruttuoso, portando a considerarlo come un caso negativo in cui è stata tentata un'alleanza ma alla fine è fallita. Questi tre casi mostrano come attivisti appartenenti a diversi gruppi etnonazionali abbiano saputo o meno affrontare l'asimmetria di potere che caratterizza la divisione coloniale. Oltre alle strategie specifiche, questa tesi considera anche come il tipo di regime politico e il contesto locale influenzino questo tipo di alleanza. Infine, sviluppa un modello concettuale che ridefinisce come mantenere coalizioni attraverso la regola delle tre T: Time, Trust and Ties.Per quanto riguarda i metodi utilizzati in questa tesi, la ricerca si è svolta in due periodi di lavoro sul campo. Sono state condotte un totale di 71 interviste (faccia a faccia e online) insieme a diverse osservazioni partecipanti che hanno portato alla stesura di quasi un centinaio di pagine di note di campo. Oltre alle interviste e all'osservazione partecipanti, è stata effettuata un'analisi degli eventi di protesta, per ricostruire il ciclo della protesta nel tempo. Ciò ha consentito la possibilità di svolgere uno studio longitudinale della composizione di questi movimenti. Per il caso negativo, insieme alle interviste, ho creato un questionario presentato online per ricostruire la rete delle organizzazioni femminili attive in questa campagna. L'analisi dei dati è avvenuta con il programma MaxQDA e attraverso una Social Network Analysis qualitativa con UCINET che permette di comprendere descrittivamente la composizione e le caratteristiche dei gruppi che hanno partecipato alle campagne e come sono cambiati nel tempo. Molto lavoro è stato dedicato anche alla restituzione con le comunità e gli attivisti coinvolti e alla diffusione all'interno della società civile italiana

Making Coalition Under Occupation Coalition Building and Solidarity across Divides in Social Movements Campaigns in Israel and Palestine / Stagni, Federica; relatore: Della Porta, Donatella Alessandra; Scuola Normale Superiore, ciclo 34, 31-Oct-2023.

Making Coalition Under Occupation Coalition Building and Solidarity across Divides in Social Movements Campaigns in Israel and Palestine

STAGNI, Federica
2023

Abstract

Under Israeli control, the region historically known as Palestine has experienced persistent fragmentation and the disconnection of its lands. However, this fragmentation extends beyond the geographic domain to include the division of communities. I argue that these divisions and separations are not solely the outcome of an ongoing conflict between two ethnonational groups but rather the result of the relentless colonization pursued by the Zionist movement. This thesis aims to bridge insights from both settler-colonial literature and Social Movements Studies, a unique endeavour that has not been undertaken previously and has the potential to foster interdisciplinary exchange and learning. Despite the oppressive divisions imposed, there are instances where alliances and cooperation between Israeli Jews and Palestinians can be observed. This dissertation will examine the circumstances and relational conditions that make such coalitions possible.Throughout the decades, Historical Palestine has been the stage of massive mobilizations and social engagements, showing the ability of the Palestinian movement to constantly innovate and re-frame its strategies, techniques of protests, and claims. Besides, all over the years, Israeli repression has never ceased rather, it evolved, finding always new strategies and new technologies to repress dissent, from all sides. In such a rarefied social context, how is it possible to support the creation of coalitions between Palestinians and Israelis while everything seems to push in the direction of confrontation and conflict? And when this cooperation is established, how are social movements’ actors able to address the power asymmetry that derives from being the “occupiers” and the “occupied”? Maintaining coalitions, solidarity, and cooperation across differences (such as race, gender, ethnicity, and religion) has never been so urgent. This thesis tries to fill this gap in the literature by proposing an original theoretical framework to analyse three social movement campaigns that witnessed the cooperation of ethnonational diverse groups. The three campaigns articulated into three different territorial settings in order to show the importance of context and political and legal opportunities.The initial campaign examined occurred in the Palestinian territories and aimed to protect a village facing demolition in the South Hebron Hills, specifically in area C of the West Bank. The second case, on the other hand, took place in the heart of Jerusalem, a divided city, and focused on a predominantly Palestinian neighbourhood that frequently faced evictions by Israeli institutions. Although these two cases are regarded as positive examples, it is important to acknowledge and address the internal differences that existed within them.Lastly, the third case explores a coalition formed within the Israeli women's movement that sought to engage Palestinian women's groups both within the borders of Israel and in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. This endeavour proved to be challenging and ultimately unsuccessful, leading to consider it as a negative case in which an alliance was attempted but ultimately failed. These three cases show how activists belonging to different ethnonational groups have been able or not to address the asymmetry of power that characterizes the colonial division. In addition to the specific strategies, this thesis also considers how the type of political regime, and the legislative setting influences this type of alliance. Finally, it develops a conceptual model that redefines how to maintain long-lasting coalitions through the rule of the three Ts: Time, Ties, and Trust.As regards the methods used in this thesis, the research took place in two periods of fieldwork. A total of 71 interviews were conducted (face-to-face and online) together with several participant observations which led to the drafting of almost a hundred pages of field notes. In addition to interviews and participant observation, a Protest Event Analysis was carried out, to reconstruct the protest cycle through time. This allows for the inclusion of a longitudinal study of these movements' composition. For the negative case, together with the interviews, I created a questionnaire to reconstruct the network of women's organizations active in this campaign submitted online. The data analysis took place with the MaxQDA program and through a qualitative Social Network Analysis with UCINET which allows understanding descriptively the composition and characteristics of the groups that participated in the campaigns and how they changed over time. Much work has been also devoted to restitution with the communities and activists involved and dissemination within the Italian civil society sector
31-ott-2023
Settore SPS/11 - Sociologia dei Fenomeni Politici
Settore SPS/04 - Scienza Politica
Settore SPS/06 - Storia delle Relazioni Internazionali
Settore SPS/08 - Sociologia dei Processi Culturali e Comunicativi
Scienze politico-sociali
34
Palestine; Social Movements; Israel; Coalitions; Divides
Scuola Normale Superiore
Della Porta, Donatella Alessandra
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11384/135962
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