Crossing intellectual and political history, the research focuses on the economic reform projects developed in Venice in the second half of the 18th century. First, it analyses how the advent of the «guerra d'industria» was interpreted: in order to survive, Venice had to rediscover the maxims of its ancestors and emulate the political economy of Europe. Subsequently, it shows that political economy was considered a «state science» that illuminated legislation, and allowed economists to collaborate with the government, redefining the boundaries of political debate, and creating, through the periodicals and Academies, a form of «publicisation». The thesis explains that the reform front was animated by the enlightened patriciate and people from outside the government: they formed a galaxy, where connections developed around concrete projects. Regarding the reform strategy, it is shown that the «private interest» was considered a resource: the legislator had to coordinate it, promoting the «public interest». In order to create a modern patriotism, the reformers showed that trade was not dishonourable, and that individual prosperity depended on the «fortune of the state». Next, it is explained that, according to the reformers, the economic condition of nations derived from an interweaving of objective and subjective factors: Venice, therefore, had to build its «happiness» with «diligence». This reflected a developmentalist mentality, according to which wealth perished through «inertia» and grew through «industry». The thesis shows that agriculture was considered the «base» of the economic system. Landowners were urged to manage their land in an entrepreneurial spirit; they had to subdivide it, and entrust it to direct cultivators, stipulating long-term leases. Freedom of trade in grains, and partially that of raw materials, was also required. Far from being an expression of agrarianism, these demands aimed to combine cultivation and industry. Finally, the discourse on manufacturing was analysed. To boost its competitiveness, it was necessary to mobilise scientists and attract foreign inventors; but also to educate the artisans, improving their technical knowledge and «good taste». Last but not least, the reformers called for the opening of the guilds: they saw this as the only way to promote «competition», and thus stimulate «industriousness».
Incrociando storia intellettuale e storia politica, la ricerca verte sui progetti di riforma economica elaborati a Venezia nel secondo Settecento. Anzitutto, analizza il modo in cui fu interpretato l'avvento della «guerra d'industria»: per sopravvivere, Venezia doveva riscoprire le massime degli antenati e recepire emulativamente l'economia politica europa. In seguito, essa dimostra che l'economia politica fu considerata una «scienza di stato» che illuminava la legislazione, e che permetteva agli economisti di collaborare con il governo, ridefinendo i confini del dibattito politico, e creando, tramite i periodici e le Accademie, una forma di «pubblicizzazione». La tesi spiega che il fronte riformatore fu animato dal patriziato éclairé e da personaggi esterni al governo: essi formarono una galassia, ove le connessioni si svilupparono attorno a progetti concreti. Circa la strategia riformatrice, si dimostra che l'«interesse privato» fu ritenuto una risorsa: il legislatore doveva coordinarlo, promuovendo l'«interesse pubblico». Per dare vita ad un moderno patriottismo, i riformatori dimostrarono che il commercio non era disonorevole, e che la prosperità individuale dipendeva dalla «fortuna dello Stato». Successivamente, si spiega che, secondo i riformatori, la condizione economica delle nazioni derivava da un intreccio di fattori oggettivi e soggettivi: Venezia, dunque, doveva costruire con «diligenza» la propria «felicità». Ciò rifletteva una mentalità sviluppista, secondo cui la ricchezza periva a causa dell'«inerzia» e cresceva grazie all'«industria». La tesi mostra che l'agricoltura era considerata la «base» del sistema economico. I proprietari erano invitati a gestire con spirito imprenditoriale le terre; dovevano suddividerle, e affidarle a coltivatori diretti, stipulando affitti di lunga durata. Era anche necessaria la libertà di commercio dei grani, e parzialmente quella della materie prime. Lungi dall'essere espressione di agrarismo, tali rivendicazioni miravano a congiungere coltivazione e industria. Infine, si analizza il discorso sull'industria manifatturiera. Per rilanciarne la competitività, era necessario mobilitare gli scienziati e attirare gli inventori stranieri; ma anche educare gli «artefici», migliorando le loro conoscenze tecniche e il loro «buon gusto». I riformatori auspicarono l'«apertura» delle corporazioni: essi videro in questa battaglia l'unica soluzione per promuovere la «concorrenza», e dunque per riaccendere l'industriosità.
«Non è più tempo di stare in innazione». Economia politica e Riforme nella Venezia del secondo Settecento (1759-1791) / DELLA FONTANA, Aris; relatore: BENIGNO, Francesco; relatore esterno: Kapossy, Béla; Scuola Normale Superiore, ciclo 34, 06-Mar-2024.
«Non è più tempo di stare in innazione». Economia politica e Riforme nella Venezia del secondo Settecento (1759-1791)
DELLA FONTANA, Aris
2024
Abstract
Crossing intellectual and political history, the research focuses on the economic reform projects developed in Venice in the second half of the 18th century. First, it analyses how the advent of the «guerra d'industria» was interpreted: in order to survive, Venice had to rediscover the maxims of its ancestors and emulate the political economy of Europe. Subsequently, it shows that political economy was considered a «state science» that illuminated legislation, and allowed economists to collaborate with the government, redefining the boundaries of political debate, and creating, through the periodicals and Academies, a form of «publicisation». The thesis explains that the reform front was animated by the enlightened patriciate and people from outside the government: they formed a galaxy, where connections developed around concrete projects. Regarding the reform strategy, it is shown that the «private interest» was considered a resource: the legislator had to coordinate it, promoting the «public interest». In order to create a modern patriotism, the reformers showed that trade was not dishonourable, and that individual prosperity depended on the «fortune of the state». Next, it is explained that, according to the reformers, the economic condition of nations derived from an interweaving of objective and subjective factors: Venice, therefore, had to build its «happiness» with «diligence». This reflected a developmentalist mentality, according to which wealth perished through «inertia» and grew through «industry». The thesis shows that agriculture was considered the «base» of the economic system. Landowners were urged to manage their land in an entrepreneurial spirit; they had to subdivide it, and entrust it to direct cultivators, stipulating long-term leases. Freedom of trade in grains, and partially that of raw materials, was also required. Far from being an expression of agrarianism, these demands aimed to combine cultivation and industry. Finally, the discourse on manufacturing was analysed. To boost its competitiveness, it was necessary to mobilise scientists and attract foreign inventors; but also to educate the artisans, improving their technical knowledge and «good taste». Last but not least, the reformers called for the opening of the guilds: they saw this as the only way to promote «competition», and thus stimulate «industriousness».File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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