How to learn a quantum state of light? How to distribute quantum information across an optical link? Is it possible to overcome the challenge of regularisation in quantum Shannon theory? This thesis investigates all three of these questions. The first part of this thesis investigates the intersection between the two important fields of quantum learning theory and continuous-variable (CV) systems. Quantum learning theory addresses the question of how to extract classical information from quantum systems as efficiently as possible. CV systems are ubiquitous in nature and in quantum technologies, as they model bosonic systems and quantum optical platforms. This intersection raises many interesting open questions, some of which are addressed here. A first natural question is: What are the ultimate achievable limits of tomography for CV systems? We answer this question by proving that: (i) tomography of non-Gaussian states is extremely inefficient; (ii) tomography of Gaussian states is efficient; and (iii) the sample complexity of CV tomography grows exponentially with the degree of non-Gaussianity of the unknown state. Other natural questions we address in related follow-up works include: How to efficiently learn Gaussian processes? And how to efficiently test whether an unknown CV state is Gaussian or far from the set of Gaussian states? As a by- product of our analyses, we establish several bounds on the trace distance between CV states in terms of their covariance matrices, which provide a useful toolbox for research in quantum learning theory with CV systems and potentially beyond. The second part of this thesis focuses on quantum Shannon theory with CV systems. One of the main goals of quantum Shannon theory is to understand how to efficiently transmit classical or quantum information through quantum channels. We begin by determining the maximum level of noise compatible with quantum key distribution and entanglement distribution over phase- insensitive bosonic Gaussian channels, which are standard models for optical fibres and free-space links. We do so by establishing state-of-the-art lower bounds on the secret-key capacity and the two-way quantum capacity in the high-noise regime. We then study bosonic quantum communication under several realistic constraints, including the combined effect of photon loss and dephasing and the presence of non-Markovian (memory) noise; in related follow-up work, we also consider the one-shot regime of finite channel uses and nonzero error tolerance. The final part of this thesis shifts to finite-dimensional systems and addresses a central obstacle in quantum Shannon theory: the problem of regularisations, which makes it computationally intractable to gain a precise quantitative understanding of the ultimate efficiency of key operational tasks such as entanglement manipulation. Here we consider the problem of computing the asymptotic entanglement cost of preparing noisy quantum states exactly under PPT operations. Building on a previous characterisation of the PPT entanglement cost in terms of a regularised formula, we construct instead a hierarchy of semi- definiteprograms that bypasses the issue of regularisation altogether, and exponentially converges to the true asymptotic value of theentanglement cost. To our knowledge, this is the first time that an asymptotic entanglement measure is shown to be efficiently computable despite no closed-form single-letter formula being available.
Come si può apprendere uno stato quantistico della luce? Come si può distribuire informazione quantistica attraverso un collegamento ottico? È possibile superare la sfida delle regolarizzazioni nella teoria di Shannon quantistica? Questa tesi affronta tutte e tre queste questioni. La prima parte della tesi studia l’intersezione tra due importanti ambiti di ricerca: la teoria dell’apprendimento quantistico e i sistemi a variabili continue (continuous-variable, CV). La teoria dell’apprendimento quantistico si occupa di come estrarre informazione classica da sistemi quantistici nel modo più efficiente possibile. I sistemi CV sono onnipresenti in natura e nelle tecnologie quantistiche, in quanto modellano sistemi bosonici e piattaforme di ottica quantistica. Questa intersezione solleva numerose domande aperte di grande interesse, alcune delle quali vengono affrontate in questa tesi. Una prima domanda naturale riguarda i limiti ultimi della tomografia per sistemi CV. Rispondiamo a questa domanda dimostrando che: (i) la tomografia di stati non gaussiani è estremamente inefficiente; (ii) la tomografia di stati gaussiani è efficiente; e (iii) la complessità campionaria della tomografia CV cresce esponenzialmente con il grado di non gaussianità dello stato incognito. Altre domande naturali affrontate in lavori successivi correlati includono l’apprendimento efficiente di processi gaussiani e il problema di testare in modo efficiente se uno stato CV incognito sia gaussiano oppure lontano dall’insieme degli stati gaussiani. Come sottoprodotto delle nostre analisi, otteniamo diversi limiti sulla distanza in traccia tra stati CV in funzione delle loro matrici di covarianza, che forniscono un utile insieme di strumenti per la ricerca nella teoria dell’apprendimento quantistico con sistemi CV e potenzialmente anche in altri contesti. La seconda parte della tesi si concentra sulla teoria di Shannon quantistica per sistemi CV. Uno degli obiettivi principali di questa disciplina è comprendere come trasmettere informazione classica o quantistica in modo efficiente attraverso canali quantistici. Iniziamo determinando il massimo livello di rumore compatibile con la distribuzione di chiavi quantistiche e con la distribuzione di entanglement su canali gaussiani bosonici a fase insensibile, che costituiscono modelli standard per fibre ottiche e collegamenti in spazio libero. Raggiungiamo questo obiettivo stabilendo limiti inferiori allo stato dell’arte per la capacità di chiave segreta e per la capacità quantistica a due vie nel regime di alto rumore. Studiamo poi la comunicazione quantistica bosonica sotto diversi vincoli realistici, inclusi l’effetto combinato di perdita di fotoni e decoerenza di fase, nonché la presenza di rumore non markoviano (con memoria); in lavori successivi correlati consideriamo inoltre il regime one-shot di un numero finito di usi del canale e tolleranza di errore non nulla. La parte finale della tesi si sposta sui sistemi a dimensione finita e affronta un ostacolo centrale nella teoria di Shannon quantistica: il problema delle regolarizzazioni, che rende computazionalmente intrattabile ottenere una comprensione quantitativa precisa dell’efficienza ultima di compiti operativi fondamentali quali la manipolazione dell’entanglement. In questo contesto, consideriamo il problema del calcolo del costo asintotico di entanglement per la preparazione esatta di stati quantistici rumorosi sotto operazioni PPT. Basandoci su una precedente caratterizzazione del costo di entanglement PPT in termini di una formula regolarizzata, costruiamo invece una gerarchia di programmi semidefiniti che aggira completamente il problema della regolarizzazione e converge esponenzialmente al vero valore asintotico del costo di entanglement. Per quanto a nostra conoscenza, questa è la prima volta in cui una misura di entanglement asintotica risulta essere computabile in modo efficiente nonostante l’assenza di una formula single-letter in forma chiusa.
Quantum Learning and Shannon theory with bosonic systems and beyond / Mele, Francesco Anna; relatore: GIOVANNETTI, VITTORIO|LAMI, Ludovico; Scuola Normale Superiore, ciclo 37, 21-Sep-2026.
Quantum Learning and Shannon theory with bosonic systems and beyond
MELE, Francesco Anna
2026
Abstract
How to learn a quantum state of light? How to distribute quantum information across an optical link? Is it possible to overcome the challenge of regularisation in quantum Shannon theory? This thesis investigates all three of these questions. The first part of this thesis investigates the intersection between the two important fields of quantum learning theory and continuous-variable (CV) systems. Quantum learning theory addresses the question of how to extract classical information from quantum systems as efficiently as possible. CV systems are ubiquitous in nature and in quantum technologies, as they model bosonic systems and quantum optical platforms. This intersection raises many interesting open questions, some of which are addressed here. A first natural question is: What are the ultimate achievable limits of tomography for CV systems? We answer this question by proving that: (i) tomography of non-Gaussian states is extremely inefficient; (ii) tomography of Gaussian states is efficient; and (iii) the sample complexity of CV tomography grows exponentially with the degree of non-Gaussianity of the unknown state. Other natural questions we address in related follow-up works include: How to efficiently learn Gaussian processes? And how to efficiently test whether an unknown CV state is Gaussian or far from the set of Gaussian states? As a by- product of our analyses, we establish several bounds on the trace distance between CV states in terms of their covariance matrices, which provide a useful toolbox for research in quantum learning theory with CV systems and potentially beyond. The second part of this thesis focuses on quantum Shannon theory with CV systems. One of the main goals of quantum Shannon theory is to understand how to efficiently transmit classical or quantum information through quantum channels. We begin by determining the maximum level of noise compatible with quantum key distribution and entanglement distribution over phase- insensitive bosonic Gaussian channels, which are standard models for optical fibres and free-space links. We do so by establishing state-of-the-art lower bounds on the secret-key capacity and the two-way quantum capacity in the high-noise regime. We then study bosonic quantum communication under several realistic constraints, including the combined effect of photon loss and dephasing and the presence of non-Markovian (memory) noise; in related follow-up work, we also consider the one-shot regime of finite channel uses and nonzero error tolerance. The final part of this thesis shifts to finite-dimensional systems and addresses a central obstacle in quantum Shannon theory: the problem of regularisations, which makes it computationally intractable to gain a precise quantitative understanding of the ultimate efficiency of key operational tasks such as entanglement manipulation. Here we consider the problem of computing the asymptotic entanglement cost of preparing noisy quantum states exactly under PPT operations. Building on a previous characterisation of the PPT entanglement cost in terms of a regularised formula, we construct instead a hierarchy of semi- definiteprograms that bypasses the issue of regularisation altogether, and exponentially converges to the true asymptotic value of theentanglement cost. To our knowledge, this is the first time that an asymptotic entanglement measure is shown to be efficiently computable despite no closed-form single-letter formula being available.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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