Pyrroles and their derivatives: structure

This chapter covers the literature from 1995 to June 2006 concerning structural investigations of pyrroles, indoles, carbazoles, and their tautomers. Included are sections on theoretical methods, spectroscopic methods, that is, X-ray crystallography, microwave spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (proton, carbon-13 and nitrogen-15), ultraviolet, fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and other structural methods, and thermodynamic aspects such as aromaticity and tautomerism. Coverage of the topics reflects a shift in emphasis from traditional spectroscopic techniques to newer ones, and the burst of theoretical approaches as a means to integrate and strengthen the interpretative value of molecular spectroscopy.