This essay focuses on a large, important and little-known unfinished statue of a young male nude, in private hands in Florence since time immemorial, whose attribution and iconography – the only issues addressed hitherto – have been puzzling scholars for decades. Attributed to Michelangelo by Alessandro Parronchi in a number of different publications (1969, 1975, 1989, 1992), by Leo Planiscig before him (ca 1941) and by Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti (1981) in unpublished expertises, the statue was republished by Claudio Pizzorusso as a 17th century work by one of the two Pieratti brothers (1989), attributed to Antonio Novelli in a later expertise by Francesco Vossilla (2004), given to Giovanni Caccini in an expertise by John Winter (2005), and finally restored to the 16th century and assigned to Bartolomeo Ammannati in an expertise by Carlo Milano (2007). Ragghianti also believed that Giovanfrancesco Rustici had turned his hand to the statue after Michelangelo, while Parronchi, some time later, mooted a similar overlapping of roles but he suggested that Michelangelo was succeeded by two sculptors rather than just one: first Raffaello da Montelupo and then Vincenzo Danti. The subject has been variously interpreted as “Hercules” (Parronchi, 1969 and 1975), “David” (Pizzorusso, Vossilla), the “Sun” (Parronchi, 1989 and 1992) and “Adonis” (Milano). Ragghianti, for his part, left the subject hanging, but he argued that Rustici had attempted to transform it into an “Apollo”. Ultimately, both he and Parronchi fell back on the hypothesis of two (or three) sculptors to explain the figure’s iconographical ambiguity. And while Parronchi initially voiced the hope that it might be the “Hercules”, a youthful work by Michelangelo, that was taken to France in the 16th century and lost in the 18th, he ended up opting for an image of the “Sun”, on which Michelangelo had begun to work in his mature years, intended for the Medici’s New Sacristy in San Lorenzo. Embarking from scratch on a formal analysis of the statue, which cannot possibly be the work of more than one sculptor, this essay establishes, as an unassailable given on the basis of close figurative comparisons, that it is by the hand of Antonio Novelli. The essay then proceeds to reconstruct the statue’s provenance from Palazzo Tempi (now Bargagli Petrucci) in Piazza Santa Maria sopr’Arno, going back to the early years of the 18th century when it was placed in a niche in the great hall on the ‘piano nobile’, thus underscoring its role as the most important statue in this grand building. The fact that the statue was unfinished, and the honour afforded it by the Tempi as an ancient keepsake, can be explained by its provenance from Novelli’s workshop, where it had gone unheeded for years as part of a commission never successfully completed. The statue has every attribute (in terms of its genre and dimension and of the stylistic moment in Novelli’s career) needed to allow us to identify it as one of the eighteen statues of the “Months, the “Seasons”, “Time” and “Fortune” commissioned, according to Filippo Baldinucci in his “Notizie”, from Novelli and other Florentine sculptors (among whom were Chiarissimo Fancelli, Lodovico Salvetti, Francesco Generini and Bartolomeo Cennini) by Marie de Médicis, the dowager Queen of France. This vast cycle was begun shortly before Marie fell out of favour in 1631 and was thus never completed, without ever being shipped to France and without ever subsequently earning a mention in modern bibliography. The agent handling the commission in Florence was a certain «abate Fabbroni», in other words the Florentine Leonardo Fabbroni degli Asini, who acted in Italy on the Queen’s behalf on more than one occasion through the good offices of his brother Luca, a member of Marie’s court and a key figure in the years she spent in exile in the Low Countries, England and Cologne (1631-1642). A letter from Luca to Leonardo dated April 1629, now in the Biblioteca Nazionale in Florence, provides us with valuable, hitherto unpublished information regarding the statuary, whose precise destination is not explicitly mentioned in any period source – it being obvious both at the time and to us today that it could only have been commissioned for the Palais du Luxembourg complex in Paris. It makes perfect sense to argue that Luca, whom Marie held in great esteem, particularly as her astrologer, was the iconographer of the cycle of the “Months”, or at least the man who suggested that it should draw its inspiration from Manilius’s “Astronomica”, a poem that set the classical standard for pairing each month with one of the twelve Olympian deities. Novelli’s unfinished statue would have depicted “Apollo”, i.e. “May”, while the unhewn marble on the left-hand corner at the front of the base would have been carved into the Zodiac sign of Gemini, the twins. According to Varro and Hyginus, the ‘twins’ in question were Apollo and Hercules rather than the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux), so the pair represented by Apollo and Hercules may be refleced in the ancipital nature of Novelli’s figure: a kind of Herculean Apollo or an Apollonian Hercules, if you will. The choice of the twelve “Months” for a series of large classicising statues was both ambitious and unprecedented in Europe around 1628-1630. It was, however, responsible for the considerable flowering of similar sculpture cycles in Fontainebleau and Versailles under the Sun King Louis XIV, Marie’s grandson and heir, and subsequently in the castles and palaces of Saxony, Bohemia, Austria and Saint Petersburg, playing a major role in forging court taste throughout Europe in the age of the Baroque, almost until the end of the ‘Ancien Régime’. Alongside its principal themes, the essay also offers new evidence and information regarding the original aspect of Michelangelo’s youthful “Hercules”, the Fabbroni family monument erected by Luca and Leonardo around Fra’ Angelico’s “Saint Dominic Adoring the Crucified Christ” in the Chiostro di Sant’Antonino in San Marco, and the neighbouring monument created by Agnolo Ganucci around Antonio Novelli’s “Risen Christ” in the sacristy vestibule in that celebrated Dominican convent in Florence.

Questo saggio è incentrato su una grande, importante e poco nota statua marmorea incompiuta di un giovane nudo che si conserva da sempre a Firenze in mani private, e che ha dato filo da torcere agli specialisti per l’attribuzione e per l’iconografia, i soli quesiti affrontati fin qui. Presentata più volte come di Michelangelo da Alessandro Parronchi (1969, 1975, 1989, 1992), ma a lui riferita già da Leo Planiscig (1941 circa) e poi da Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti (1981) attraverso dichiarazioni peritali inedite, la figura è stata ripubblicata da Claudio Pizzorusso come cosa secentesca di uno dei due fratelli Pieratti (1989), quindi spostata su Antonio Novelli da una nuova perizia (Francesco Vossilla, 2004), accostata a Giovanni Caccini da una perizia ulteriore (John Winter, 2005), e infine ricondotta al Cinquecento e a Bartolomeo Ammannati da una perizia ancora diversa (Carlo Milano, 2007). Ragghianti era convinto che dopo Michelangelo anche Giovanfrancesco Rustici fosse intervenuto sul marmo. E Parronchi, più tardi, inclinava a una simile sovrapposizione di ruoli proponendo non uno ma due successori di Michelangelo nel medesimo lavoro: prima Raffaello da Montelupo, poi Vincenzo Danti. Il giovane è stato di volta in volta inteso come “Ercole” (Parronchi, 1969 e 1975), “David” (Pizzorusso, Vossilla), “Sole” (Parronchi, 1989 e 1992) e “Adone” (Milano): Ragghianti lasciava indeciso il soggetto, ma credeva che Rustici avesse provato a farne un “Apollo”. Sia lui che Parronchi, in definitiva, ricorrevano all’ipotesi dell’autore doppio (o triplo) per comprendere l’ambiguità iconografica della figura. Riprendendo da zero l’analisi formale della statua, nella quale non è possibile ravvisare che un unico maestro, questo contributo stabilisce come primo punto fermo, sulla base di confronti figurativi serrati, la paternità di Antonio Novelli. Viene poi ricostruita la provenienza dell’opera da Palazzo Tempi (oggi Bargagli Petrucci) in Piazza Santa Maria sopr’Arno, rimontando indietro fino ai primi anni del Settecento, quando la figura fu allestita entro una nicchia del salone al piano nobile che ne sancì il ruolo di statua principale di quel grandioso edificio. L’incompiutezza del marmo e l’onore che gli fu conferito dai Tempi come cimelio antico si spiegano con la sua provenienza dalla bottega stessa di Novelli, ove dovette rimanere lungamente inutilizzato a causa di una commissione non andata a buon fine. La figura ha tutti i requisiti (di genere, di misure, di punto di stile) per essere identificata con una delle diciotto statue dei “Mesi”, delle “Stagioni”, del “Tempo” e della “Fortuna” cui Novelli, secondo le “Notizie” di Filippo Baldinucci, attese insieme ad altri colleghi fiorentini (tra i quali Chiarissimo Fancelli, Lodovico Salvetti, Francesco Generini e Bartolomeo Cennini) su commissione di Maria de’ Medici, regina madre di Francia. Il vasto ciclo fu cominciato poco prima della caduta in disgrazia di Maria nel 1631, e rimase perciò interrotto, senza mai partire per la Francia, e senza mai entrare poi nella bibliografia moderna. A Firenze gestiva la commissione un «abate Fabbroni», ovvero il fiorentino Leonardo Fabbroni degli Asini, più volte agente della regina in Italia in virtù dei buoni uffici del fratello Luca, cortigiano di Maria e personaggio-chiave dei suoi anni d’esilio tra i Paesi Bassi, l’Inghilterra e Colonia (1631-1642). Una lettera inviata da Luca a Leonardo nell’aprile 1629, oggi alla Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze, fornisce preziose notizie inedite sull’impresa statuaria, la cui precisa destinazione non è esplicitata da nessuna fonte antica, anche perché era ed è del tutto ovvio che essa potesse essere solo il complesso del Lussemburgo a Parigi. È ragionevole individuare in Luca, che Maria portava in palma di mano soprattutto come astrologo, l’iconografo del ciclo dei “Mesi”, o almeno colui che lo volle ispirato agli “Astronomica” di Manilio, poema nel quale è fissato il canone classico dell’appaiamento tra ogni mese e una delle dodici divinità dell’Olimpo. La statua non finita di Novelli avrebbe rappresentato “Apollo”, cioè “Maggio”, mentre la riserva di marmo grezzo che è rimasta sull’angolo anteriore sinistro della base avrebbe dovuto diventare il segno dei Gemelli. Quest’ultimi, secondo Varrone e Igino, erano Apollo ed Ercole piuttosto che i Dioscuri: e la coppia Apollo-Ercole potrebbe riflettersi nel carattere ancipite della figura di Novelli, una sorta di Apollo erculeo o Ercole apollineo. Quella dei dodici “Mesi” per un ciclo di grandi statue all’antica si rivela una scelta ambiziosa e senza precedenti nell’Europa del 1628-1630 circa. Essa dovette essere all’origine della discreta fioritura di serie statuarie analoghe che ebbe luogo nella Fontainebleau e nella Versailles del Re Sole, nipote ed erede di Maria, e poi nei castelli della Sassonia, della Boemia, dell’Austria e a San Pietroburgo, connotando fortemente il gusto delle corti barocche su scala continentale sin verso la fine dell’‘Ancien Régime’. A margine dei temi conduttori del saggio, si offrono nuovi apporti e precisazioni sull’aspetto originario dell’“Ercole” giovanile di Michelangelo, sul deposito funerario di famiglia creato da Luca e Leonardo Fabbroni intorno al “Crocifisso” del Beato Angelico nel Chiostro di Sant’Antonino a San Marco e su quello a esso contiguo creato da Agnolo Ganucci intorno al “Cristo risorto” di Antonio Novelli nel vestibolo della sagrestia del celebre convento domenicano fiorentino.

Non Michelangelo giovane o sul 1530, ma Antonio Novelli verso il 1630: una statua incompiuta per il ciclo dei “Mesi” e delle “Stagioni” di Maria de’ Medici, regina madre di Francia

Caglioti, Francesco
2024

Abstract

This essay focuses on a large, important and little-known unfinished statue of a young male nude, in private hands in Florence since time immemorial, whose attribution and iconography – the only issues addressed hitherto – have been puzzling scholars for decades. Attributed to Michelangelo by Alessandro Parronchi in a number of different publications (1969, 1975, 1989, 1992), by Leo Planiscig before him (ca 1941) and by Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti (1981) in unpublished expertises, the statue was republished by Claudio Pizzorusso as a 17th century work by one of the two Pieratti brothers (1989), attributed to Antonio Novelli in a later expertise by Francesco Vossilla (2004), given to Giovanni Caccini in an expertise by John Winter (2005), and finally restored to the 16th century and assigned to Bartolomeo Ammannati in an expertise by Carlo Milano (2007). Ragghianti also believed that Giovanfrancesco Rustici had turned his hand to the statue after Michelangelo, while Parronchi, some time later, mooted a similar overlapping of roles but he suggested that Michelangelo was succeeded by two sculptors rather than just one: first Raffaello da Montelupo and then Vincenzo Danti. The subject has been variously interpreted as “Hercules” (Parronchi, 1969 and 1975), “David” (Pizzorusso, Vossilla), the “Sun” (Parronchi, 1989 and 1992) and “Adonis” (Milano). Ragghianti, for his part, left the subject hanging, but he argued that Rustici had attempted to transform it into an “Apollo”. Ultimately, both he and Parronchi fell back on the hypothesis of two (or three) sculptors to explain the figure’s iconographical ambiguity. And while Parronchi initially voiced the hope that it might be the “Hercules”, a youthful work by Michelangelo, that was taken to France in the 16th century and lost in the 18th, he ended up opting for an image of the “Sun”, on which Michelangelo had begun to work in his mature years, intended for the Medici’s New Sacristy in San Lorenzo. Embarking from scratch on a formal analysis of the statue, which cannot possibly be the work of more than one sculptor, this essay establishes, as an unassailable given on the basis of close figurative comparisons, that it is by the hand of Antonio Novelli. The essay then proceeds to reconstruct the statue’s provenance from Palazzo Tempi (now Bargagli Petrucci) in Piazza Santa Maria sopr’Arno, going back to the early years of the 18th century when it was placed in a niche in the great hall on the ‘piano nobile’, thus underscoring its role as the most important statue in this grand building. The fact that the statue was unfinished, and the honour afforded it by the Tempi as an ancient keepsake, can be explained by its provenance from Novelli’s workshop, where it had gone unheeded for years as part of a commission never successfully completed. The statue has every attribute (in terms of its genre and dimension and of the stylistic moment in Novelli’s career) needed to allow us to identify it as one of the eighteen statues of the “Months, the “Seasons”, “Time” and “Fortune” commissioned, according to Filippo Baldinucci in his “Notizie”, from Novelli and other Florentine sculptors (among whom were Chiarissimo Fancelli, Lodovico Salvetti, Francesco Generini and Bartolomeo Cennini) by Marie de Médicis, the dowager Queen of France. This vast cycle was begun shortly before Marie fell out of favour in 1631 and was thus never completed, without ever being shipped to France and without ever subsequently earning a mention in modern bibliography. The agent handling the commission in Florence was a certain «abate Fabbroni», in other words the Florentine Leonardo Fabbroni degli Asini, who acted in Italy on the Queen’s behalf on more than one occasion through the good offices of his brother Luca, a member of Marie’s court and a key figure in the years she spent in exile in the Low Countries, England and Cologne (1631-1642). A letter from Luca to Leonardo dated April 1629, now in the Biblioteca Nazionale in Florence, provides us with valuable, hitherto unpublished information regarding the statuary, whose precise destination is not explicitly mentioned in any period source – it being obvious both at the time and to us today that it could only have been commissioned for the Palais du Luxembourg complex in Paris. It makes perfect sense to argue that Luca, whom Marie held in great esteem, particularly as her astrologer, was the iconographer of the cycle of the “Months”, or at least the man who suggested that it should draw its inspiration from Manilius’s “Astronomica”, a poem that set the classical standard for pairing each month with one of the twelve Olympian deities. Novelli’s unfinished statue would have depicted “Apollo”, i.e. “May”, while the unhewn marble on the left-hand corner at the front of the base would have been carved into the Zodiac sign of Gemini, the twins. According to Varro and Hyginus, the ‘twins’ in question were Apollo and Hercules rather than the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux), so the pair represented by Apollo and Hercules may be refleced in the ancipital nature of Novelli’s figure: a kind of Herculean Apollo or an Apollonian Hercules, if you will. The choice of the twelve “Months” for a series of large classicising statues was both ambitious and unprecedented in Europe around 1628-1630. It was, however, responsible for the considerable flowering of similar sculpture cycles in Fontainebleau and Versailles under the Sun King Louis XIV, Marie’s grandson and heir, and subsequently in the castles and palaces of Saxony, Bohemia, Austria and Saint Petersburg, playing a major role in forging court taste throughout Europe in the age of the Baroque, almost until the end of the ‘Ancien Régime’. Alongside its principal themes, the essay also offers new evidence and information regarding the original aspect of Michelangelo’s youthful “Hercules”, the Fabbroni family monument erected by Luca and Leonardo around Fra’ Angelico’s “Saint Dominic Adoring the Crucified Christ” in the Chiostro di Sant’Antonino in San Marco, and the neighbouring monument created by Agnolo Ganucci around Antonio Novelli’s “Risen Christ” in the sacristy vestibule in that celebrated Dominican convent in Florence.
2024
Settore L-ART/02 - Storia dell'Arte Moderna
Settore L-ART/04 - Museologia e Critica Artistica e del Restauro
Settore L-ANT/07 - Archeologia Classica
Settore ARTE-01/B - Storia dell'arte moderna
Settore ARTE-01/D - Museologia e critica artistica e del restauro
Settore ARCH-01/D - Archeologia classica
Michelangelo Buonarroti; Antonio Novelli; Filippo Baldinucci; Charles le Brun; François Girardon; Maria de' Medici regina di Francia; Palais du Luxembourg; Versailles; Fontainebleau; scultura fiorentina del Rinascimento; scultura fiorentina del secolo XVII; scultura francese del secolo XVII; iconografia dei Mesi; Beato Angelico; Cecco Bravo
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