Thanks to some unknown original documents and the re-reading of others, most of them known since the nineteenth century but not correctly or completely understood, the author reconstructs the origins of one of the principal fifteenth-century Lucchese altarpieces, the great wooden high relief “Assumption” carved and painted by Vecchietta and Neroccio, now reduced to two fragments in the Museo Nazionale di Villa Guinigi in Lucca (the “Burial of the Virgin” and the “Virgin in Glory”). Although the discovery of the initial documents had enabled post-war scholars to properly understand the work’s dual authorship, any other investigation into its beginnings was impeded by the unfounded nineteenth-century information that the fragments had come from the Buonvisi Chapel in the Basilica of San Frediano. The unpublished records assembled in the appendix of this article, together with other newly re-transcribed documentation, demonstrate that the “Assumption” was made between 1477 and 1482 for the high altar of the church of Santa Maria del Corso, just outside the Porta San Donato, a foundation dependent on the Abbey of San Salvatore a Sesto near the Lago di Bientina, and then subordinate (like the latter) to the jurisdiction “in commendam” of the Lucchese patrician Giannino Bernardi. It was he who fostered the costly enterprise of the “Assumption”, although this was carried out with the legal and financial involvement of Nicolao, a son of his brother Stefano and a leading light of the Republican oligarchy in Lucca. Immediately after the “Assumption”, as has already emerged in the research of the last thirty years, Giannino and Nicolao provided Santa Maria del Corso with another extraordinary altarpiece, again created by two non-local artists, Filippino Lippi and Benedetto da Maiano (1482-1483); likewise, this has come down to us in fragmentary form (the central statue of “St. Anthony Abbot” by Benedetto, still in Lucca, and two painted panels by Filippino in Pasadena, California). Notwithstanding the fact that Vecchietta died in the very midst of the “Assumption”’s execution in Siena (1480), it was completed, following a new contract, by Neroccio, who must however have been associated with the commission since the start. The early loss of Santa Maria del Corso, destroyed in about 1514 for defensive purposes together with other churches in the Western suburbs of Lucca, explains the cloud of oblivion that subsequently descended over its works of art. When Giorgio Vasari saw the Bernardi’s Florentine altarpiece, it was already in the church of San Ponziano, and there is every indication that the “Assumption” was transferred there too, since that Olivetan monastery had taken over the prerogatives of San Salvatore a Sesto and Santa Maria del Corso. The influential Apostolic protonotary Bartolomeo Arnolfini, the last commendatory abbot of these two sees, played the key role in the delivery; and his foundation of a chapel dedicated to the Assumption in San Ponziano, in which he was later buried (between 1536 and 1540), prompts the hypothesis that the Sienese altarpiece of the Bernardi family was re-erected there, before that chapel housed a painting of the same subject by Bernardino Poccetti (now lost) and one by Giuseppe Maria Crespi.

Grazie ad alcuni documenti originali sconosciuti e alla rilettura di altri noti in gran parte fin dall’Ottocento, ma non intesi correttamente o completamente, si ricostruisce qui la genesi di una tra le principali pale d’altare del Quattrocento lucchese, ovvero il grande altorilievo ligneo dell’“Assunta” scolpito e dipinto dal Vecchietta e da Neroccio, e ridotto oggi in due frammenti nel Museo Nazionale di Villa Guinigi a Lucca (il “Seppellimento” e la “Gloria della Vergine”). Sebbene già gli studi del secondo dopoguerra abbiano messo a fuoco la doppia paternità dell’opera grazie ai primi documenti recuperati, ogni altro approfondimento sulle sue origini è stato impedito dalla falsa notizia ottocentesca di una provenienza dei frammenti dalla Cappella Buonvisi nella basilica di San Frediano. Le testimonianze inedite e quelle ritrascritte che vengono raccolte nell’appendice a questo saggio mostrano che l’“Assunta” fu fatta tra il 1477 e il 1482 per l’altar maggiore della chiesa di Santa Maria del Corso subito al di fuori di Porta San Donato, una fondazione allora dipendente dall’abbazia di San Salvatore a Sesto presso il Lago di Bientina e sottoposta, insieme con essa, al governo commendatario del patrizio lucchese Giannino Bernardi. Fu costui a promuovere la dispendiosa impresa dell’“Assunta”, ma con il coinvolgimento legale e finanziario di Nicolao, figlio di suo fratello Stefano ed esponente di punta dell’oligarchia repubblicana. Com’è già emerso dalle ricerche degli ultimi trent’anni, subito dopo l’“Assunta” Giannino e Nicolao procurarono a Santa Maria del Corso un’altra straordinaria pala realizzata sempre da due artisti forestieri, Filippino Lippi e Benedetto da Maiano (1482-1483), e pervenutaci anch’essa in frammenti (la statua centrale maianesca del “S. Antonio abate” a Lucca, due pannelli dipinti di Filippino a Pasadena, California). Nonostante che Vecchietta morisse mentre l’“Assunta” era in piena lavorazione a Siena (1480), essa fu condotta a termine, sulla base di un nuovo contratto, da Neroccio, il quale doveva trovarsi però associato alla commissione sin dal primo momento. La precoce scomparsa di Santa Maria del Corso, distrutta nel 1514 circa per ragioni difensive insieme ad altre chiese del suburbio a ovest di Lucca, spiega la nebbia calata poi sulle sue opere d’arte. Giorgio Vasari vedeva ormai la pala fiorentina dei Bernardi nella chiesa di San Ponziano: e tutto lascia credere che anche l’“Assunta” vi fosse stata traslata, giacché questo monastero olivetano aveva rilevato le prerogative di San Salvatore a Sesto e Santa Maria del Corso. L’influente protonotario apostolico Bartolomeo Arnolfini, ultimo abate commendatario di quelle due sedi, fu il protagonista del passaggio di consegne: e l’aver egli fondato in San Ponziano una cappella dedicata all’Assunta, nella quale fu poi sepolto (tra il 1536 e il 1540), spinge a ipotizzare qui il riallestimento della pala senese dei Bernardi, prima che sullo stesso altare transitassero un dipinto omologo di Bernardino Poccetti (oggi perduto) e uno di Giuseppe Maria Crespi.

Il Vecchietta, Neroccio e l’‘Assunta’ per l’altar maggiore di Santa Maria del Corso a Lucca

Francesco Caglioti
2018

Abstract

Thanks to some unknown original documents and the re-reading of others, most of them known since the nineteenth century but not correctly or completely understood, the author reconstructs the origins of one of the principal fifteenth-century Lucchese altarpieces, the great wooden high relief “Assumption” carved and painted by Vecchietta and Neroccio, now reduced to two fragments in the Museo Nazionale di Villa Guinigi in Lucca (the “Burial of the Virgin” and the “Virgin in Glory”). Although the discovery of the initial documents had enabled post-war scholars to properly understand the work’s dual authorship, any other investigation into its beginnings was impeded by the unfounded nineteenth-century information that the fragments had come from the Buonvisi Chapel in the Basilica of San Frediano. The unpublished records assembled in the appendix of this article, together with other newly re-transcribed documentation, demonstrate that the “Assumption” was made between 1477 and 1482 for the high altar of the church of Santa Maria del Corso, just outside the Porta San Donato, a foundation dependent on the Abbey of San Salvatore a Sesto near the Lago di Bientina, and then subordinate (like the latter) to the jurisdiction “in commendam” of the Lucchese patrician Giannino Bernardi. It was he who fostered the costly enterprise of the “Assumption”, although this was carried out with the legal and financial involvement of Nicolao, a son of his brother Stefano and a leading light of the Republican oligarchy in Lucca. Immediately after the “Assumption”, as has already emerged in the research of the last thirty years, Giannino and Nicolao provided Santa Maria del Corso with another extraordinary altarpiece, again created by two non-local artists, Filippino Lippi and Benedetto da Maiano (1482-1483); likewise, this has come down to us in fragmentary form (the central statue of “St. Anthony Abbot” by Benedetto, still in Lucca, and two painted panels by Filippino in Pasadena, California). Notwithstanding the fact that Vecchietta died in the very midst of the “Assumption”’s execution in Siena (1480), it was completed, following a new contract, by Neroccio, who must however have been associated with the commission since the start. The early loss of Santa Maria del Corso, destroyed in about 1514 for defensive purposes together with other churches in the Western suburbs of Lucca, explains the cloud of oblivion that subsequently descended over its works of art. When Giorgio Vasari saw the Bernardi’s Florentine altarpiece, it was already in the church of San Ponziano, and there is every indication that the “Assumption” was transferred there too, since that Olivetan monastery had taken over the prerogatives of San Salvatore a Sesto and Santa Maria del Corso. The influential Apostolic protonotary Bartolomeo Arnolfini, the last commendatory abbot of these two sees, played the key role in the delivery; and his foundation of a chapel dedicated to the Assumption in San Ponziano, in which he was later buried (between 1536 and 1540), prompts the hypothesis that the Sienese altarpiece of the Bernardi family was re-erected there, before that chapel housed a painting of the same subject by Bernardino Poccetti (now lost) and one by Giuseppe Maria Crespi.
2018
Settore L-ART/02 - Storia dell'Arte Moderna
Lucca; Siena; Firenze; scultura del Rinascimento; pittura del Rinascimento; scultura lignea; Lorenzo di Pietro detto il Vecchietta; Neroccio di Bartolomeo de' Landi; Benedetto da Maiano; Filippino Lippi; chiesa di Santa Maria del Corso a Lucca
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11384/76584
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